History Of Science And Conceptual Understanding - 919 Words

History of science and conceptual understanding According to Richard K Moran, and Page K, in â€Å" Teaching for Conceptual Understanding in Science†, Studying history of science is important because it enable students understand the development of thought, and generalization would be empty without concrete examples. In addition, One important concern for shutting history of science out of the undergraduate science curriculum was an anxiety expressed about the history of science that the history of science is composed of hypocrisy and skepticism â€Å" science scoundrels†, therefore, it is condemned by the scientific community. It also indicates that although there were early scientists ‘naive thinking and ideas, such early thinking contribute to direct our present thinking and make students’ conceptual changes. It takes long time for students to make change and build their personal knowledge to become accepted. Moreover, it mentions that one important misconception about the history of scienc e is there are no mistakes and wrong turns science has taken; the development of science is only thought is cumulative, and continuous in science from one generation to another one. Such an error is attributed to distorted histories of science; especially those found in science textbooks, and contribute to widening the gap between historian and students. Furthermore, it indicates that one important criteria of choosing between competing and alternative theories is those, which showShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Science And The Conceptual Understanding899 Words   |  4 Pages Learning the History of science has an authentic significant to provide an obvious understanding for learners since that will lead them to visualize the progression of science from A to Z. According to Richard K Moran and Page Keeley in their book â€Å" Teaching For Conceptual Understanding in Science,† theories, hypotheses, and interpretations those were created by distinguished ancient scientists thr oughout the previous centuries must be included side by side with the modern science. Chapter two ofRead MoreThe Professional Education Unit ( Peu )893 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Education approved program of study areas. The unit programs of study are: Biology Education, Chemistry/Chemistry Education, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, English Language Arts Education, General Science Education, History/Social Science Education, Mathematics/Mathematics Education, Music/Music Education (Choral), and Music/Music Education (Instrumental). The assessment data included in the unit’s self-study states that candidates preparing to work in schools, knowRead MoreThe Assessment Data Of The Miles College Self Study777 Words   |  4 PagesDepartment of Education approved program of study areas. The unit programs of study are: Biology Education, Chemistry/Chemistry Education, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, English Language Arts Education, General Science Education, History/Social Science Education, Mathematics/Mathematics Education, Music/Music Education (Choral), and Music/Music Education (Instrumental). Nine of the ten programs of studies that are approved as Class B programs by the Alabama State Board of EducationRead MoreIs Conceptual Critiques Relevant for Psychology?1472 Words   |  6 PagesWe shall consider Skinner’s Operant Conditioning theory as another type of example on Conceptual Critiques (Skinner, 1963). His theory states that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the association made between the behavior and the consequence of that behavior. Although Skinner’s primary interest was in human behavior, most of his research was done on animals using laboratory apparatus well known as the Skinner box. Hence, in his experiment, Skinner placed rats in the Skinner boxRead MoreConceptual And Historical Issues Of Psychology1420 Words   |  6 PagesCONCEPTUAL AND HISTORICAL ISSUES IN PSYCHOLOGY Abstract The often asked question is the relationship between the theories of psychology and its application to human life for instance, individual life, mental life and subjectivity. Presently, efforts by writers to separate the three categories have seen light. Psychology itself cannot exist without a society which supports all its facts. Moreover, psychological object cannot be taken as independent, given, discovered but that which is discoveredRead MoreHistorical Development of Nursing1368 Words   |  6 PagesStarting with Florence Nightingale, the history of nursing will be discussed. A few significant events, theories and theorists will be depicted. In addition, the relationship between nursing science and the profession will be described. Moreover, the influences on nursing science of other disciplines will be mentioned. Because nursing has a plethora of history and events, a few momentous historical events will be referenced. Theorists, Theories and History Theory as defined in Taber’s (2013)Read MoreHistorical Development of Nursing1381 Words   |  6 PagesStarting with Florence Nightingale, the history of nursing will be discussed. A few significant events, theories and theorists will be depicted. In addition, the relationship between nursing science and the profession will be described. Moreover, the influences on nursing science of other disciplines will be mentioned. Because nursing has a plethora of history and events, a few momentous historical events will be referenced. Theorists, Theories and History Theory as defined in Taber’s (2013)Read MoreRelationship Between Accounting Principles Board And The Financial Accounting Standards Board1349 Words   |  6 PagesRelationship History A brief history of the relationship between the Accounting Principles Board and the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Accounting Principles Board. In 1936 the American Institute of Accountants merged with the American Society of Certified Public Accountants, forming a larger organization later named the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). In 1936 the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Committee on Accounting Procedure (CAP) was formedRead MoreUniversal Set of Principles in the Field of Accounting Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbodies around the world, which function to establish harmony and coherence in their respective field of operations and differentiate between a bad appeal to practice and a good one. DR Scott, who was one of the pioneers in promoting the need for a conceptual framework in the field of accounting, said in one of his studies during 1931, â€Å"If we are going to be able to look ahead with assurance, we must be able to look back with accuracy†. Following this saying, the essay aims to critically evaluate DRRead MoreThe Impact Of Political Media On The Political Process Of The United States Essay887 Words   |  4 Pagesmass, or even a global audience, through an expanded network of print, broadcast and online media. The art of political communication is now an industry of political public relations and a growing field of study. 1.1 Political marketing: Definition, History and Scholarship. Political marketing has established itself as a substantial segment of the political process and as a field of academia. Marketing theory has been influenced by different disciplines it has also contributed, to the development of

The Metamorphosis - 2462 Words

Many people go through drastic changes in their lives trying to get away from their past when they have haunting memories caused from a tragedy or a past relationship. We go to great lengths to attempt to change or forget what has happened before, but it always seems to fail because our minds cannot simply forget these events that rip and tear at us from the inside. In Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis, Kafka explores the absurdity of life through Gregors transformation as he struggles with himself and the outside world around him. In this story Kafka writes about a dream that he had years earlier. He tells the story just as the dream occurs and shows how ones troubles can push them so far these influences will affect the people who love†¦show more content†¦Gregors father has betrayed Gregor, making his transformation even more painful and his struggle harder. The family does not know how to react with Gregors transformation. His father responds with anger and physically injures Gregor, pushing him further into depression. Pushing Gregor through the narrow doorway symbolizes Gregor being backed into a corner, getting more and more cramped with every hurtful act his family bestows upon him because of the pain his father causes him, Gregor wishes he could get away from everything that causes him hurt, which is the entire world. Through Kafkas dream we see how his life has been full of struggle with his family and he expresses it through Gregor. He puts Gregor in his own shoes and shows how he is treated and how he feels about it. Now that he has been completely rejected from his family Gregor has to make a very important decision and the choice he makes may change his life forever. Kafkas works contain many hidden meanings and links to many occurrences that we would not see every day and he shows how he would deal with them in his writings. This allows our imaginations to have endless ideas about Kafkas stories. Kafkas story The Metamorphosis is a parabolic story in the sense that what is narrated affords glimpses of a background of meaning which gives immeasurable depth to all that takes placeShow MoreRelatedMetamorphosis In Metamorphosis847 Words   |  4 PagesMetamorphosis is often described as a change of the form or nature of a thing or a person into a completely different one, by natural or supernatural means. Gregor Samsa led an ordinary and rather mundane life as a traveling salesman who spent the majority of his time on the road with little time to form friendships or relationship with anyone outside of his small family. Once filled with gratitude by providing for his family, he is soon filled with resentment and obligation as his family adjustsRead MoreMetamorphosis By Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1496 Words   |  6 PagesIn Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis, Grete changes from a child into an adult while also trying to do the opposite with her own family. Gregor’s metamorphosis leaves her family without anybody money to pay for their needs. Consequently, Grete replaces Gregor and begins to cook and clean for her family and go to work. These jobs allow Grete to become more experienced and to mature. Similarly, Grete shows displays these changes by dressing more provocatively and becoming more interested in romance. HoweverRead More Essay on Metamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis1868 Words   |  8 PagesMetamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis      Ã‚   In Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis, the nature of Gregor Samsas reality changes insignificantly in spite of his drastic physical changes. Gregors life before the metamorphosis was limited to working and caring for his family. As a traveling salesman, Gregor worked long, hard hours that left little time to experience life. He reflects on his life acknowledging the plague of traveling: the anxieties of changing trains, the irregular,Read MoreThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radical changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his room and ignores calls from his family. When Gregor realized that his new body did not allow him to have a normal life, he tried to adapt. After his metamorphosisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Metamorphosis1501 Words   |  7 PagesBeveridge, A. (2009). Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 15(6), 459-461. This brief article is written from the psychiatric perspective, pointing out that Kafka has always been of great interest to the psychoanalytic community; this is because his writings have so skillfully depicted alienation, unresolved oedipal issues, and the schizoid personality disorder and The Metamorphosis is no exception to this rule. While this writer tends to think that psychiatrists shouldRead MoreThe True Metamorphosis1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe True Metamorphosis The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka offers much to be critiqued, including the reason why Gregor Samsa was transformed into a hideous beetle. The truth is Gregor had put himself into a position of demise long ago. Over the years, he had worked himself into both physical and mental exhaustion. Gregor was the sole provider, and eventually his family grew less appreciative of him. His relationship with his family had gone south. They were no longer as close, and it were asRead MoreEssay on Metamorphosis1359 Words   |  6 PagesMetamorphosis In the short story, Metamorphosis, the narrator describes Gregor’s new life as an insect. He then goes on to describe Gregor’s sister, Grete, with a reflection of Gregor’s opinion in the description. Kafka employs a number of stylistic devices including descriptive imagery, metaphors, and symbolism in the passage to describe the situation. While these devices on their own just provide a more complex method of painting the situation, the way they are assembled in the passage Read MoreMetamorphosis And The Stranger1288 Words   |  6 PagesThis theory appears throughout literature and offers a grim perspective on human existence. The Metamorphosis, written by Kafka in 1915, follows a traveling salesman who struggles with his purpose in life. Similar to that story, Camus’s The Stranger, published in 1942, details the unnecessary undoing of an Algerian man who follows his own morals, not society’s morals. Within Kafka s The Metamorphosis and Camus s The Stranger, the characters isolation in society, illogical thoughts without realRead MoreThe Trial And The Metamorphosis2538 Words   |  11 Pagesand The Metamorphosis are the two foremost works Franz Kafka has ever written. By doing this, Franz makes the similarities and differences very obvious, yet each text is complex in their own way. In The Trial and The Metamorphosis, Kafka uses unique aspects to compare the characters i n each novel. Each character is being forced by anonymous forces. They both go through loneliness to find the meaning behind their suffering. Each similarity and difference in The Trial and The Metamorphosis, come alongRead MoreMetamorphosis Analysis1503 Words   |  7 Pagesmost wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone.† 20th century novelist, Franz Kafka would agree with such a statement as he strongly despised capitalism and its faults. In his celebrated short story, Metamorphosis, Kafka explores the cruelty and exploitations of capitalism through the eyes of Gregor Samsa. ironically, he also represents capitalism to further illustrate its barbarity. Kafka’s use of irony is significant for it leaves the readers confused

Engineering Economy Sullivan free essay sample

Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Click here to download immediately!!! http://solutionsmanualtestbankspdfs. blogspot. com/2011/10/engineering-economy-sullivanwicks_10. html Name: Engineering Economy Author: Sullivan Wicks Koelling Edition: 15th ISBN-10: 0132554909 Type: Solutions Manual The file contains solutions and questions to all chapters and all questions. All the files are carefully checked and accuracy is ensured. This is a sample chapter ENGINEERING ECONOMY FIFTEENTH EDITION Solutions Manual WILLIAM G. SULLIVAN Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University ELIN M. WICKS Wicks and Associates, L. L. P. Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual C. PATRICK KOELLING Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Solutions to Chapter 1 Problems A Note To Instructors: Because of volatile energy prices in todays world, the instructor is encouraged to vary energy prices in affected problems (e. g. the price of a gallon of gasoline) plus and minus 50 percent and ask students to determine whether this range of prices changes the recommendation in the problem. This should make for stimulating inclass discussion of the results. 1-1 Because each pound of CO2 has a penalty of $0. 20, Savings = (15 gallons $0. 10/gallon) (8 lb)($0. 20/lb) = $1. 34 If Stan can drive his car for less than $1. 34/8 = $0. 1675 per mile, he should make the trip. The cost of gasoline only for the trip is (8 miles 25 miles/gallon)($3. 00/gallon) = $0. 96, but other costs of driving, such as insurance, maintenance, and depreciation, may also influence Stan’s decision. What is the cost of an accident, should Stan have one during his weekly trip to purchase less expensive gasoline? If Stan makes the trip weekly for a year, should this influence his decision? 1 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-2 Other information needed includes total number of miles driven each year and the gas consumption (miles per gallon) of the average delivery vehicle. 2 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-3 Some non-monetary factors (attributes) that might be important are: ? ? ? ? ? Safety Reliability (from the viewpoint of user service) Quality in terms of consumer expectations Aesthetics (how it looks, and so on) Patent considerations 3 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-4 At first glance, Tyler’s options seem to be: (1) immediately pay $803 to the owner of the other person’s car or (2) submit a claim to the insurance company. If Tyler keeps his Nissan for five more years (an assumption), the cost of option 2 is ($803 ? $500) + $60 ? 5 years = $603. This amount is less than paying $803 out-of-pocket, so Tyler probably should have submitted an insurance claim. But if his premiums go higher and higher each subsequent year (another assumption! ), Tyler ought to pursue option 1. What we don’t know in this problem is the age and condition of the other person’s car. If we assume it’s a clunker, another option for Tyler is to offer to buy the other person’s car and fix it himself and then sell it over the internet. Or Tyler could donate the unrepaired (or repaired) car to his favorite charity. 4 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual (a) 15,000 miles per year / 25 mpg = 600 gallons per year of E20 Savings = 600 gallons per year ($3. 00 ? $2. 55) = $270 per year (b) 1-5 Gasoline saved = 0. 20 (600 gal/yr)(1,000,000 people) = 120 million gallons per year 5 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-6 The environmental impact on the villagers is unknown, but their spring and summer crop yields could be affected by more than normal snow melt. Lets assume this cost is $10 million. Then the total cost of the plan is $6 million (180 million rubles) plus $10 million and the plan is no longer cost-effective when this additional externality is considered. 6 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-7 There are numerous other options including a nuclear plant, a 100% gas-fired plant and a windmill bank at a nearby mountain pass. Also, solar farms are becoming more cost competitive nowadays. 7 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-8 Increased lifetime earnings of a college graduate = $1,200,000(0. 75) = $900,000 8 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-9 Strategy 1: Change oil every 3,000 miles. Cost = (15,000/3,000)($30) = $150 / year Strategy 2: Change oil every 5,000 miles. Cost = (15,000/5,000)($30) = $90 / year Savings = $60 per year 9 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-10 In six months you will spend approximately $360 on bottled water. The cost of the filter is $50, so you will save $310 every four months. This amounts to $620 over a year, and you dont need to bother recycling all those plastic bottles! An up-front expenditure of $50 can indeed save a lot of money each year. 10 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-11 110 gallons x $3. 00 per gallon = $330 saved over 55,000 miles of driving. This comes down to $330 / 55,000 = $0. 006 per mile driven. So Brand A saves 6/10 of a penny for each mile driven. 11 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-12 (a) Problem: To find the least expensive method for setting up capacity to produce drill bits. (b) Assumptions: The revenue per unit will be the same for either machine; startup costs are negligible; breakdowns are not frequent; previous employee’s data are correct; drill bits are manufactured the same way regardless of the alternative chosen; in-house technicians can modify the old machine so its life span will match that of the new machine; neither machine has any resale value; there is no union to lobby for inhouse work; etc. (c) Alternatives: (1) Modify the old machine for producing the new drill bit (using in-house technicians); (2) Buy a new machine for $450,000; (3) Get McDonald Inc. to modify the machine; (4) Outsource the work to another company. (d) Criterion: Least cost in dollars for the anticipated production runs, given that quality and delivery time are essentially unaffected (i. e. , not compromised). (e) Risks: The old machine could be less reliable than a new one; the old machine could cause environmental hazards; fixing the old machine in-house could prove to be unsatisfactory; the old machine could be less safe than a new one; etc. (f) Non-monetary Considerations: Safety; environmental concerns; quality/reliability differences; â€Å"flexibility† of a new machine; job security for in-house work; image to outside companies by having a new technology (machine); etc. (g) Post Audit: Did either machine (or outsourcing) fail to deliver high quality product on time? Were maintenance costs of the machines acceptable? Did the total production costs allow an acceptable profit to be made? 12 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-13 (a) Problem A: Subject to time, grade point average and energy that Mary is willing/able to exert, Problem A might be How can Mary survive the senior year and graduate during the coming year (earn a college degree)? Problem B: Subject to knowledge of the job market, mobility and professional ambition, Marys Problem B could be How can I use my brothers entry-level job as a spring board into a higherpaying position with a career advancement opportunity (maybe no college degree)? (b) Problem A Some feasible solutions for Problem A would include: (1) Get a loan from her brother and take fewer courses per term, possibly graduating in the summer. (2) Quit partying and devote her extra time and limited funds to the task of graduating in the spring term (maybe Mary could get a scholarship to help with tuition, room and board). Problem B Some feasible solutions for Problem B would include: (1) Work for her brother and take over the company to enable him to start another entrepreneurial venture. (2) Work part-time for her brother and continue to take courses over the next couple of years in order to graduate. (3) Work for her brother for one or two semesters to build up funds for her senior year. While interviewing, bring up the real life working experience and request a higher starting salary. 13 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-14 A Typical Discussion/Solution: (a) One problem involves how to satisfy the hunger of three students assume a piping hot delicious pizza will satisfy this need. (Another problem is to learn enough about Engineering Economy to pass or better yet earn an â€Å"A† or a â€Å"B† on the final examination and ace the course. Maybe a pizza will solve this problem too? ) Let’s use â€Å"hunger satisfaction with a pizza† as the problem/need definition. (b) Principle 1 Develop the Alternatives i) Alternative A is to order a pizza from â€Å"Pick-Up Sticks† ii) Alternative B is to order a pizza from â€Å"Fred’s† Other options probably exist but we’ll stick to these two alternatives Principle 2 Focus on the Differences Difference in delivery time could be an issue. A perceived difference in the quality of the ingredients used to make the pizza could be another factor to consider. We’ll concentrate our attention on cost differences in part (c) to follow. Principle 3 Use a Consistent Viewpoint Consider your problem from the perspective of three customers wanting to get a good deal. Does it make sense to buy a pizza having a crust that your dog enjoys, or ordering a pizza from a shop that employs only college students? Use the customer’s point of view in this situation rather than that of the owner of the pizza shop or the driver of the delivery vehicle. Principle 4 Use a Common Unit of Measure Most people use â€Å"dollars† as one of the most important measures for examining differences between alternatives. In deciding which pizza to order, we’ll use a cost-based metric in part (c). Principle 5 Consider All Relevant Criteria Factors other than cost may affect the decision about which pizza to order. For example, variety and quality of toppings and delivery time may be extremely important to your choice. Dynamics of group decision making may also introduce various â€Å"political† considerations into the final selection (can you name a couple? ) Principle 6 Make Uncertainty Explicit The variability in quality of the pizza, its delivery time and even its price should be carefully examined in making your selection. (Advertised prices are often valid under special conditions -call first to check on this! ) Principle 7 Revisit Your Decision After you’ve consumed your pizza and returned to studying for the final exam, were you pleased with the taste of the toppings? On the downside, was the crust like cardboard? You’ll keep these sorts of things in mind (good and bad) when you order your next pizza! 14 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-14 continued (c) Finally some numbers to crunch don’t forget to list any key assumptions that underpin your analysis to minimize the cost per unit volume (Principles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 are integral to this comparison) Assumptions: (i) weight is directly proportional to volume (to avoid a â€Å"meringue† pizza with lots of fluff but meager substance), (ii) you and your study companions will eat the entire pizza (avoids variable amounts of discarded leftovers and hence difficult-to-predict cost of cubic inch consumed) and (iii) data provided in the Example Problem are accurate (the numbers have been confirmed by phone calls). Analysis: AlternativeAâ€Å"Pick-Up-Sticks† Volume = 20 x 20 x 1 = 500 in. 3 Total Cost = $15 (1. 05) + $1. 50 = $17. 25 Cost per in. 3 = $0. 035 AlternativeBâ€Å"Fred’s† Volume = (3. 1416)(10? )2 (1. 75? ) = 550 in. 3 Total Cost = $17. 25 (1. 05) = $18. 11 Cost per in. 3 = $0. 033 Therefore, order the pizza from â€Å"Fred’s† to minimize total cost per cubic inch. (d) Typical other criteria you and your friends could consider are: (i) cost per square inch of pizza (select â€Å"Pick-Up-Sticks†), (ii) minimize total cost regardless of area or volume (select â€Å"Pick-UpSticks†), and (iii) â€Å"Fred’s† can deliver in 30 minutes but â€Å"Pick-Up-Sticks† cannot deliver for one hour because one of their ovens is not working properly (select â€Å"Fred’s†). 15 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-15 Definition of Need Some homeowners need to determine (confirm) whether a storm door could fix their problem. If yes, install a storm door. If it will not basically solve the problem, proceed with the problem formulation activity. Problem Formulation The homeowner’s problem seems to be one of heat loss and/or aesthetic appearance of their house. Hence, one problem formulation could be: â€Å"To find different alternatives to prevent heat loss from the house. † Alternatives ? Caulking of windows ? Weather stripping ? Better heating equipment ? Install a storm door ? More insulation in the walls, ceiling, etc. of the house ? Various combinations of the above 16 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-16 STEP 1—De? ne the Problem: Your basic problem is that you need transportation. Further evaluation leads to the elimination of walking, riding a bicycle, and taking a bus as feasible alternatives. STEP 2—Develop Your Alternatives (Principle 1 is used here. ): Your problem has been reduced to either replacing or repairing your automobile. The alternatives would appear to be 1. Sell the wrecked car for $2,000 to the wholesaler and spend this money, the $1,000 insurance check, and all of your $7,000 savings account on a newer car. The total amount paid out of your savings account is $7,000, and the car will have 28,000 miles of prior use. 2. Spend the $1,000 insurance check and $1,000 of savings to fix the car. The total amount paid out of your savings is $1,000, and the car will have 58,000 miles of prior use. 3. Spend the $1,000 insurance check and $1,000 of your savings to fix the car and then sell the car for $4,500. Spend the $4,500 plus $5,500 of additional savings to buy the newer car. The total amount paid out of savings is $6,500, and the car will have 28,000 miles. 4. Give the car to a part-time mechanic, who will repair it for $1,100 ($1,000 insurance and $100 of your savings), but will take an additional month of repair time. You will also have to rent a car for that time at $400/month (paid out of savings). The total amount paid out of savings is $500, and the car will have 58,000 miles on the odometer. 5. Same as Alternative 4, but you then sell the car for $4,500 and use this money plus $5,500 of additional savings to buy the newer car. The total amount paid out of savings is $6,000, and the newer car will have 28,000 miles of prior use. ASSUMPTIONS: 1. The less reliable repair shop in Alternatives 4 and 5 will not take longer than one extra month to repair the car. 2. Each car will perform at a satisfactory operating condition (as it was originally intended) and will provide the same total mileage before being sold or salvaged. 3. Interest earned on money remaining in savings is negligible. STEP 3—Estimate the Cash Flows for Each Alternative (Principle 2 should be adhered to in this step. ) 1. Alternative 1 varies from all others because the car is not to be repaired at all but merely sold. This eliminates the benefit of the $500 increase in the value of the car when it is repaired and then sold. Also this alternative leaves no money in your savings account. There is a cash flow of ? $8,000 to gain a newer car valued at $10,000. 2. Alternative 2 varies from Alternative 1 because it allows the old car to be repaired. Alternative 2 differs from Alternatives 4 and 5 because it utilizes a more expensive ($500 more) and less risky repair facility. It also varies from Alternatives 3 and 5 because the car will be kept. The cash flow is ? $2,000 and the repaired car can be sold for $4,500. 3. Alternative 3 gains an additional $500 by repairing the car and selling it to buy the same car as in Alternative 1. The cash flow is ? $7,500 to gain the newer car valued at $10,000. 4. Alternative 4 uses the same idea as Alternative 2, but involves a less expensive repair shop. The repair shop is more risky in the quality of its end product, but will only cost $1,100 in repairs and $400 in an additional month’s rental of a car. The cash flow is ? $1,500 to keep the older car valued at $4,500. 5. Alternative 5 is the same as Alternative 4, but gains an additional $500 by selling the repaired car and purchasing a newer car as in Alternatives 1 and 3. The cash flow is ? $7,000 to obtain the newer car valued at $10,000. 17 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-16 continued STEP 4—Select a Criterion: It is very important to use a consistent viewpoint (Principle 3) and a common unit of measure (Principle 4) in performing this step. The viewpoint in this situation is yours (the owner of the wrecked car). The value of the car to the owner is its market value (i. e. , $10,000 for the newer car and $4,500 for the repaired car). Hence, the dollar is used as the consistent value against which everything is measured. This reduces all decisions to a quantitative level, which can then be reviewed later with qualitative factors that may carry their own dollar value (e. g. , how much is low mileage or a reliable repair shop worth? ). STEP 5—Analyze and Compare the Alternatives: Make sure you consider all relevant criteria (Principle 5). 1. Alternative 1 is eliminated, because Alternative 3 gains the same end result and would also provide the car owner with $500 more cash. This is experienced with no change in the risk to the owner. (Car value = $10,000, savings = 0, total worth = $10,000. ) 2. Alternative 2 is a good alternative to consider, because it spends the least amount of cash, leaving $6,000 in the bank. Alternative 2 provides the same end result as Alternative 4, but costs $500 more to repair. Therefore, Alternative 2 is eliminated. (Car value = $4,500, savings = $6,000, total worth = $10,500. ) 3. Alternative 3 is eliminated, because Alternative 5 also repairs the car but at a lower out-of-savings cost ($500 difference), and both Alternatives 3 and 5 have the same end result of buying the newer car. (Car value = $10,000, savings = $500, total worth = $10,500. ) 4. Alternative 4 is a good alternative, because it saves $500 by using a cheaper repair facility, provided that the risk of a poor repair job is judged to be small. (Car value = $4,500, savings = $6,500, total worth = $11,000. ) 5. Alternative 5 repairs the car at a lower cost ($500 cheaper) and eliminates the risk of breakdown by selling the car to someone else at an additional $500 gain. (Car value = $10,000, savings = $1,000, total worth = $11,000. ) STEP 6—Select the Best Alternative: When performing this step of the procedure, you should make uncertainty explicit (Principle 6). Among the uncertainties that can be found in this problem, the following are the most relevant to the decision. If the original car is repaired and kept, there is a possibility that it would have a higher frequency of breakdowns (based on personal experience). If a cheaper repair facility is used, the chance of a later breakdown is even greater (based on personal experience). Buying a newer car will use up most of your savings. Also, the newer car purchased may be too expensive, based on the additional price paid (which is at least $6,000/30,000 miles = 20 cents per mile). Finally, the newer car may also have been in an accident and could have a worse repair history than the presently owned car. Based on the information in all previous steps, Alternative 5 was actually chosen. STEP 7—Monitor the Performance of Your Choice This step goes hand-in-hand with Principle 7 (revisit your decisions). The newer car turned out after being â€Å"test driven† for 20,000 miles to be a real beauty. Mileage was great, and no repairs were needed. The systematic process of identifying and analyzing alternative solutions to this problem really paid off! 18 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-17 Imprudent use of electronic mail, for example, can involve legal issues, confidential financial data, trade secrets, regulatory issues, public relations goofs, etc. These matters are difficult to â€Å"dollarize† but add to the $30,000 annual savings cited in the problem. Surfing the web inappropriately can lead to legal prosecution for pornography violations. 19 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-18 (a) Value of metal in collection = (5,000/130 lb)(0. 95)($3. 50/lb) + (5,000/130 lb)(0. 05)($1. 00/lb) = $129. 81 Each penny is worth about 2. 6 cents for its metal content. The numismatic value of each coin is most likely much greater. Note: It is illegal to melt down coins. (b) This answer is left to the individual student. In general, the cost of purchases would go up slightly. The inflation rate would be adversely affected if all purchases were rounded up to the nearest nickel. Additional note: The cost of producing a nickel is almost 10 cents. Maybe the U. S. government should get out of the business of minting coins and turn over the minting operation to privately-owned subcontractors. 20 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-19 Left to student. 21 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual 1-20 Left to student. 22 Engineering Economy Sullivan Wicks Koelling 15th Edition Solutions Manual